Gene Vogel
Pump & Vibration Specialist
Electrical Apparatus Service Association
St. Louis, MO

In his paper presented at the EASA Convention 2018, Gene Vogel explains the fundamentals of pump curves and affinity laws in a straightforward manner, aiming to demystify the relationship between pump performance and motor load. Vogel begins by highlighting the differences between electric motors and pumps, noting that while motors adapt to load changes through flexible magnetic fields, pumps require changes in rotating speed or impeller diameter to adjust to flow requirements.

Centrifugal pumps produce head and flow through the action of impeller vanes, which increase the velocity of the liquid as it moves from the suction eye to the perimeter of the impeller. This kinetic energy is partially converted into pressure energy by the pump volute or diffuser vanes. The relationship between pressure and velocity is depicted in a pump curve, which graphically represents the inverse, non-linear relationship between head and flow rate. The pump curve includes four fundamental parameters: head, flow rate, efficiency, and power.

The best efficiency point (BEP) is the flow rate at which the pump operates most efficiently, with minimal turbulence. The preferred operating range (POR) for centrifugal pumps is between 70% and 120% of the BEP. Operating outside this range can lead to increased vibration, reduced efficiency, and overheating, which can affect pump reliability.

Vogel explains that the power required for a pump can be calculated from the head, flow rate, and efficiency values. This calculation is crucial for troubleshooting issues related to motor current and overheating. Comparing the required power to the actual electrical power consumed by the motor can help identify whether the problem is flow-related or due to mechanical or electrical issues.

The paper also discusses the impact of system head on pump performance. Factors such as pipe length, diameter, and fittings can affect system head, as can changes in suction head due to varying sump levels. Understanding these factors is essential for diagnosing pump and motor performance issues.

Vogel provides several case studies to illustrate common problems and their solutions. In one example, a rebuilt circulating pump pulls higher current than expected due to better efficiency and higher flow rate compared to other pumps in parallel. Another case involves a food processing machine designed for 50 Hz operation being adapted to 60 Hz, requiring adjustments to the pump impeller or the use of a variable frequency drive.

The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding pump curves and affinity laws for effective troubleshooting and ensuring reliable pump and motor performance.

Key Points Covered:

• Differences between electric motors and pumps in adapting to load changes
• Fundamentals of centrifugal pump operation and pump curves
• Best efficiency point (BEP) and preferred operating range (POR)
• Calculating power requirements for pumps
• Impact of system head on pump performance
• Case studies illustrating common pump and motor issues

Key Takeaways:

• Pumps require changes in rotating speed or impeller diameter to adjust to flow requirements
• Pump curves graphically represent the relationship between head and flow rate
• Operating outside the preferred range can lead to reduced efficiency and reliability
• Calculating power requirements is crucial for troubleshooting motor and pump issues
• System head is affected by various factors, including pipe length and fittings
• Understanding pump curves and affinity laws is essential for effective troubleshooting and ensuring reliable performance